# Week 18: Final Exam Review
**Hours:** 2 (1 lecture — review session)

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## Purpose
This week is a cumulative review and final exam. No new content. The goal is to help students consolidate what they've learned across all 7 units and feel prepared.

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## Review by Unit

### Unit 1: Computer Hardware & Peripherals (Weeks 1–2)
**Key concepts to know:**
- The IPOS cycle (Input → Processing → Output → Storage)
- CPU: clock speed, cores, cache
- RAM vs Storage (volatile vs non-volatile)
- HDD vs SSD vs NVMe
- GPU, motherboard, PSU
- Input devices, output devices, I/O devices
- Ports: USB (A, C), HDMI, Ethernet, Bluetooth
- Types of computers: desktop, laptop, tablet, smartphone, server, embedded

**Sample questions:**
1. Which component temporarily stores data for programs currently in use? → **RAM**
2. True or False: An SSD has moving parts. → **False**
3. A scanner is an example of a(n) ______ device. → **Input**
4. What does the acronym IPOS stand for? → **Input, Processing, Output, Storage**
5. Which is faster: HDD, SSD, or NVMe? → **NVMe**
6. Name two devices that are both input AND output. → **Touchscreen, network adapter, USB drive**

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### Unit 2: Software & Files (Week 3)
**Key concepts to know:**
- System software vs application software
- What an operating system does
- Open source vs proprietary software
- File system: files, folders, paths
- Common file extensions (.docx, .xlsx, .pdf, .exe, etc.)
- File operations: save, save as, copy, move, rename, delete
- Cloud storage basics

**Sample questions:**
1. Which type of software manages hardware and provides a platform for applications? → **Operating system**
2. Linux is an example of ______ software. → **Open source**
3. What file extension indicates a Word document? → **.docx**
4. What is the difference between Save and Save As? → **Save overwrites the current file; Save As creates a new copy with a new name or location**
5. True or False: Deleting a file permanently removes it immediately. → **False (goes to Recycle Bin first)**
6. Name the three components of a file path. → **Drive, folder(s), filename.extension**

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### Unit 3: Word Processing (Weeks 4–6)
**Key concepts to know:**
- The Ribbon, Quick Access Toolbar, views
- Character formatting: font, size, bold, italic, underline, Format Painter
- Paragraph formatting: alignment, spacing, indentation, lists
- Styles and why they matter
- Page layout: margins, orientation, columns
- Inserting images, tables, headers/footers, page numbers
- Text wrapping options
- Spelling/grammar check, Find & Replace
- Track Changes and Comments
- Exporting to PDF

**Sample questions:**
1. What keyboard shortcut saves a document? → **Ctrl+S**
2. What is the Format Painter used for? → **Copying formatting from one selection to another**
3. Name the four paragraph alignment options. → **Left, Center, Right, Justify**
4. Why should you use Styles instead of manual formatting? → **Consistency, easy to change, enables Table of Contents, improves accessibility**
5. What does Track Changes do? → **Records all edits so they can be reviewed, accepted, or rejected**
6. What is the advantage of exporting as PDF? → **Preserves layout across all devices; can't be easily edited; professional standard**

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### Unit 4: Spreadsheets (Weeks 7–9)
**Key concepts to know:**
- Workbook, worksheet, cell, cell reference, range
- Entering data, AutoFill
- Formulas with cell references and arithmetic operators
- Order of operations (PEMDAS)
- Functions: SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, COUNT, IF
- Relative vs absolute references ($)
- Cell formatting: number formats, borders, fill, merge & center
- Conditional formatting
- Charts: column, line, pie, scatter — when to use each
- Chart elements: title, axes, legend, data labels
- Sorting and filtering
- Printing: page layout, print titles, print area

**Sample questions:**
1. What does the formula `=SUM(A1:A10)` do? → **Adds all values in cells A1 through A10**
2. What is the result of `=2+3*4`? → **14** (multiplication before addition)
3. What symbol makes a cell reference absolute? → **$ (dollar sign)**
4. When would you use an absolute reference? → **When a formula references a constant (like a tax rate) that shouldn't change when copied**
5. Which chart type is best for showing trends over time? → **Line chart**
6. What does `=IF(B2>=60,"Pass","Fail")` return if B2 is 55? → **"Fail"**
7. What is conditional formatting? → **Rules that automatically change cell appearance based on values**
8. What's the difference between sorting and filtering? → **Sorting rearranges rows; filtering hides rows that don't match criteria**

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### Unit 5: Presentations (Weeks 10–11)
**Key concepts to know:**
- Slides, layouts, placeholders
- Adding text, images, shapes, SmartArt, icons
- Themes and Slide Master
- Speaker Notes and Presenter View
- Transitions (between slides) vs Animations (within a slide)
- Four animation types: Entrance, Emphasis, Exit, Motion Path
- Design principles: 6×6 rule, font sizes, white space, consistency
- Exporting and sharing

**Sample questions:**
1. What is the difference between a transition and an animation? → **Transition = between slides; Animation = to objects within a slide**
2. What is Presenter View? → **Shows current slide, next slide, notes, and timer — only visible to the presenter**
3. What is the 6×6 rule? → **No more than 6 bullets per slide, no more than 6 words per bullet**
4. What is SmartArt used for? → **Creating pre-designed diagrams (lists, processes, hierarchies, cycles)**
5. True or False: You should use a different transition on every slide. → **False — use one consistent transition**
6. What minimum font size is recommended for body text in presentations? → **28pt+**

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### Unit 6: Databases (Weeks 12–14)
**Key concepts to know:**
- What a database is and why it's better than a spreadsheet for complex data
- Flat file vs relational database
- Tables, records (rows), fields (columns)
- Primary key — unique identifier
- Data types: Short Text, Number, Currency, Date/Time, Yes/No, AutoNumber
- Relationships (one-to-many) and referential integrity
- Forms — user-friendly data entry
- Queries — asking questions of data, criteria, wildcards, calculated fields
- Reports — formatted printable output, grouping, totals

**Sample questions:**
1. What is a primary key? → **A unique identifier for each record in a table**
2. Why use a database instead of a spreadsheet? → **Reduces redundancy, enforces data integrity, handles complex relationships**
3. What data type automatically generates a unique number for each new record? → **AutoNumber**
4. In a query, what does the criteria `Like "S*"` do? → **Returns records where the field starts with "S"**
5. What is the purpose of a form? → **User-friendly interface for entering and viewing data**
6. Why should phone numbers be stored as Text, not Number? → **To preserve leading zeros and formatting characters**
7. What is a one-to-many relationship? → **One record in Table A relates to multiple records in Table B**

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### Unit 7: Networks, Email, Web & Security (Weeks 15–17)
**Key concepts to know:**
- Network types: PAN, LAN, WAN, Internet
- Hardware: modem, router, switch, NIC
- IP addresses, DNS, HTTP vs HTTPS, packets
- Wired (Ethernet) vs wireless (Wi-Fi)
- Email components, CC vs BCC, professional etiquette
- URL anatomy, web browsers vs search engines
- CRAAP test for evaluating sources
- Malware types: virus, worm, trojan, ransomware, spyware, phishing
- Passwords, passphrases, password managers
- Multi-factor authentication (MFA)
- Software updates, antivirus, 3-2-1 backup rule
- Digital footprint, privacy, cookies
- Copyright, fair use, Creative Commons, plagiarism

**Sample questions:**
1. What does DNS do? → **Translates domain names (like google.com) into IP addresses**
2. What is the difference between HTTP and HTTPS? → **HTTPS encrypts data in transit; HTTP does not**
3. What does BCC stand for and when should you use it? → **Blind Carbon Copy — use for mass emails to protect recipients' privacy**
4. What is phishing? → **Fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information by impersonating a trustworthy source**
5. What is the 3-2-1 backup rule? → **3 copies, 2 different media, 1 offsite**
6. What does MFA add to password protection? → **A second factor (something you have or are) so a stolen password alone isn't enough**
7. What is ransomware? → **Malware that encrypts your files and demands payment for the decryption key**
8. Name two red flags of a phishing email. → **Urgency, generic greeting, suspicious sender, bad grammar, mismatched URLs**

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## Study Checklist

Students should be able to:

- [ ] Explain the IPOS cycle
- [ ] Identify internal components and peripherals
- [ ] Distinguish system software from application software
- [ ] Navigate the file system and recognize file extensions
- [ ] Create, format, and finalize a Word document using styles
- [ ] Build formulas and use SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, COUNT, IF in Excel
- [ ] Explain relative vs absolute cell references
- [ ] Create and interpret basic charts
- [ ] Build a presentation following design principles
- [ ] Explain the difference between transitions and animations
- [ ] Define database terms: table, record, field, primary key
- [ ] Create a query with criteria
- [ ] Describe how the Internet works (IP, DNS, packets)
- [ ] Write a professional email
- [ ] Evaluate sources using the CRAAP test
- [ ] Identify common malware types and phishing red flags
- [ ] Describe best practices for passwords, MFA, backups, and privacy

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## Exam Format (Suggested)

Based on the COR evaluation weights:

| Component | Weight | Format |
|-----------|--------|--------|
| Multiple choice / True-false / Matching | 50% | ~40-50 questions covering all units |
| Skill demonstration | 20% | Practical task: create/format a document, spreadsheet, or presentation |
| Problem-solving | 15% | Scenario-based questions requiring applied thinking |
| Short answer / Written | 15% | Brief explanations of concepts, comparisons, or recommendations |

**Total time:** 2 hours

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## Review Session Ideas

1. **Jeopardy-style Review Game:** Categories = the 7 units. Point values by difficulty. Teams compete. (Free templates online for PowerPoint Jeopardy.)
2. **Kahoot Quiz:** Quick-fire multiple choice. Students play on their phones. Instant feedback and energy.
3. **Study Guide Swap:** Students write 5 questions each (with answers). Swap with a partner and answer each other's questions.
4. **"One Minute Expert":** Each student gets a random topic card. They have 1 minute to explain it to the class. Tests understanding, not memorization.
5. **Vocabulary Bingo:** Create bingo cards with terms. Read definitions aloud. Students mark the matching term.